Reflexões sobre os impactos dos agrotóxicos na saúde dos ecossistemas: os nanoagrotóxicos

1. Roduner E. Size matters: why Nanomaterials are different. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35(7):583-92.https://doi.org/10.1039/b502142c 2. Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F. The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: from chemical–physical applications to nanomedicine. Molecules. 2020;25(1):1-15.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010112 3. National Nanotechnology Initiative – NNI. Applications of nanotechnology. Washington: National Nanotechnology Initiative; 2025[acesso 25 jul 2025].Disponível em: https://www.nano.gov 4. Qamar SA, Asgher M, Khalid N, Sadaf M. Nanobiotechnology in health sciences:current applications and future perspectives.Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2019;22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101388 5. Durgam LK, Oroszi TL. Revolutionizing healthcare: the transformative potential of nanotechnology in medicine. Front Dev Dyn.2025;2:1-15.https://doi.org/10.3389/fddev.2025.1556426 6. Fortune A, Aime A, Raymond D, Kumar S. Nanotechnology in medicine: a double-edged sword for health outcomes.Health Nanotechnol. 2025;1:1-23.https://doi.org/10.1186/s44301-025-00008-2 7. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Ray S, Suman R. Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review. Global Health J. 2023;7(2):70-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008 8. Lammers T, Ferrari M. The success of nanomedicine. NanoToday. 2021;31.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100853 9. Perez-de-Luque A. Nanotechnology in agriculture. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-3.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73198-7 10. Shekhar S, Sharma S, Kumar A, Taneja A, Sharma B. The framework of nanopesticides: a paradigm in biodiversity. Mater Adv. 2021;(20):6569-90.https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00329a 11. Atanda SA, Shaibu RO, Agunbiade FO. Nanoparticles in agriculture: balancing food security and environmental sustainability. Discov Agric. 2025;3:1-32.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00159-x 12. Pérez-de-Luque A. Interaction of nanomaterials with plants: what do we need for real applications in agriculture? Front Environ Sci. 2017;5:1-7.https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00012 13. Tang Y, Zhao W, Zhu G, Tan Z, Huang L, Zhang P et al. Nano-pesticides and fertilizers: solutions for global food security. Nanomaterials. 2024;14(1):1-17.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010090 14. El-Ramady H, Abdalla N, Sari D, Ferroundj A, Muthu A, Prokisch J et al. Nanofarming:promising solutions for the future of the global agricultural industry. Agronomy. 2023;13(6):1-32.https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061600 15. Das K, Katiyar A, Kumari R, Kirai N, Kumar D, Kumari P et al. Nano-pesticides: emerging opportunities for sustainable agriculture and food security. Int J Agric Nutr. 2025;7(5):10-20.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010090 16. Gudovan D, Gudovan J. Nanopesticides: a new paradigm in crop protection. In: Lightner J, editor. New pesticides and soil sensors. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2017. p. 129-192. 17. Coherent Market Insights. Nanopesticides market size and forecast 2025 to 2032. Pune: Coherent Market Insights;2025 [acesso 2 set 2025]. Disponível em: https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com 18. Kah M. Nanopesticides and nanofertilizers: emerging contaminants or opportunities for risk mitigation? Front Chem.2015;3:1-6.https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2015.00064 19. Kah M, Kookana RS, Gogos A, Bucheli TD. A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(8):677-84.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0131-1 20. Kannan M, Bojan N, Swaminathan J, Zicarelli G,Hemalatha D, Zhang Y et al. Nanopesticides in agricultural pest management and their environmental risks: a review. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2023;20(9):10507-32.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04795-y 21. Modafferi A, Giunti G, Benelli G, Campolo O. Ecological costs of botanical nano-insecticides.Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2024;42:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2024.100579 22. Zainab R, Hasnain M, Ali F, Abideen Z, Siddiqui ZS, Jamil F et al. Prospects and challenges of nanopesticides in advancing pest management for sustainable agricultural and environmental service. Environ Res. 2024;261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119722 23. Xuan L, Ju Z, Skonieczna M, Zhou PK. Nanoparticlesinduced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models. MedComm.2023;4(4):1-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.327 24. Chaud M, Souto EB, Zielinska A, Severino P, Batain F, Oliveira-Junior J et al. Nanopesticides in agriculture: benefits and challenge in agricultural productivity, toxicological risks to human health and environment. Toxics. 2021;9(6):1-19.https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9060131 25. Eker F, Duman H, Akdasci E, Bolat E, Saritas S, Karav S et al. A comprehensive review of nanoparticles: from classification to application and toxicity. Molecules. 2024;29(15):1-83.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153482 26. Grillo R, Faceto LF, Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Schoonjans R, Chaudhry Q. Ecotoxicological and regulatory aspects of environmental sustainability of nanopesticides. J Hazardous Mater. 2021;404(Pt B).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124148 27. Yin J, Su X, Yan S, Shen J. Multifunctional nanoparticles and nanopesticides in agricultural application. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(8):1-14.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071255 28. Wei Y, Chen J, Dong M, Yin M, Shen J, Gao L et al. Nanoenabled insecticides for efficient pest management: definition, classification, synergistic mechanism, and safety assessment. Nanomaterials. 2025;15:1-23.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131050 29. Wang D, Saleh NB, Byro A, Zepp R, Sahle-Demessie E, Luxton TP et al. Nano-enabled pesticides for sustainable agriculture and global food security. Nat Nanotechnol. 2022;17(4):347-60.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01082-8 30. Gressler S, Hipfinger C, Part F, Pavlicek A, Cafu C, Giese B. A systematic review of nanocarriers used in medicine and beyond: definition and categorization framework. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:1-23.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03113-7 31. Lebaka VR, Ravi P, Reddy MC, Thummala C, Mandal TK. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern science and technology: multifunctional roles in healthcare, environmental remediation, and industry. Nanomaterials. 2025;15(10):1-47. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100754 32. Fojtova D, Vasickova J, Grillo R, Bilkova ZK, Simek Z, Kah M et al. Nanoformulations can significantly affect pesticide degradation and uptake by earthworms and plants. Environ Chem. 2019;16(6):470-81.https://doi.org/10.1071/EN19057 33. Walker GW, Kookana RS, Smith NE, Kah M, Doolette CL, Reeves PT et al. Ecological risk assessment of nanoenabled pesticides: a perspective on problem formulation. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(26):6480-6.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02373 34. Ahmad A, Imran M, Sharma N. Precision nanotoxicology in drug development: current trends and challenges in safety and toxicity implications of customized multifunctional nanocarriers for drug-delivery applications. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11):1-31.https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112463 35. Nagy K, Duca RC, Lovas S, Creta M, Scheepers PTJ, Godderis L et al. Systematic review of comparative studies assessing the toxicity of pesticide active ingredients and their product formulations. Environ Res. 2020;181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108926 36. Wu F, Sokolov EP, Khomich A, Fettkenhauer C, Schnell G, Seitz H et al. Interactive effects of ZnO nanoparticles and temperature on molecular and cellular stress responses of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Sci Total Environ. 2022;818.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151785 37. Li S, Wu H, Hou R, Zhou J, Lin S, Zhao K et al. Nano-pesticide carrier O-Carboxymethyl chitosan is indigestible in Apis cerana cerana and affects intestinal flora. Sci Total Environ. 2023;885.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163769 38. Rajput V, Minkina T, Sushkova S, Behal A, Maksimov A, Blicharska E et al. ZnO and CuO nanoparticles: a threat to soil organisms, plants, and human health. Environ Geochem Health. 2020;42(1):147-58.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00317-3 39. Rajput V, Minkina TM, Behal A, Sushkova SN, Mandzhieva S, Singh R et al. Effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on soil, plants, animals and soil organisms: a review.Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manage. 2018;9:76–84.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2017.12.006 40. Deng R, Lin D, Zhu L, Maunder S, White JC, Gardea-Torresdey JL et al. Nanoparticle interactions with co-existing contaminants: joint toxicity, bioaccumulation and risk. Nanotoxicology. 2017;11(5):591-612.https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1343404 41. Abbas Q, Yousaf B, Amina, Ali MU, Munir MAM, El-Naggar A et al. Transformation pathways and fate of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in distinct interactive environmental compartments:a review. Environ Int. 2020;138:1-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105646 42. Anastasiadis SH, Chrissopoulou K, Stratakis E, Kavatzikidou P, Kaklamani G, Ranella A. How the physicochemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials affect their performance in dispersion and their applications in biomedicine:a review. Nanomaterials.2022;12(3):1-47.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030552 43. Ganguly P, Breen A, Pillai SC. Toxicity of nanomaterials: exposure, pathways, assessment, and recent advances. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018;4(7):2237-75.https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00068 44. Barata-Silva C, Santos LMG, Vicentini Neto SA, Magalhães CD, Jacob SC, Moreira JC.Nanomedicamentos: regulamentação e controle de qualidade. Vigil Sanit Debate. 2021;9(1):138-151.https://doi.org/10.22239/2317-269x.01765 45. Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Ignoring adjuvant toxicity falsifies the safety profile of commercial pesticides. Front Public Health. 2018;5:1-8.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00361 46. World Health Organization – WHO. A report of a World Health Organisation consultation on health and environment in preparation for 2nd European Conference on Environment and Health, Helsinki 20–22 June, 1994. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993. 47. Pitt SJ, Gunn A. The one health concept.Br J Biomed Sci. 2024;81:1-15.https://doi.org/10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366 48. United Nations – UN. Transforming our world:the 2030 agenda for sustainable development.New York: United Nations; 2015[acesso 20 out 2025].Disponível em: https://sdgs.un.org 49. The Lancet. One Health: a call for ecological equity. Lancet. 2023;401(10372):169.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00090-9 50. Li X, Chen Y, Xu J, Lynch I, Guo Z, Xie C et al. Advanced nanopesticides: advantage and action mechanisms. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023;203.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108051 51. Djanaguiraman M, Anbazhagan V, Dhankher OP, Prasad PVV. Uptake, translocation, toxicity, and impact of nanoparticles on plant physiological processes. Plants (Basel). 2024;13(22):1-30.https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223137 52. Gao M, Chang J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang T. Advances in transport and toxicity of nanoparticles in plants. J Nanobiotechnol.2023;21:1-16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01830-5 53. Sembada R, Lenggoro IW. Transport of nanoparticles into plants and their detection methods. Nanomaterials. 2024;14(2):1-29.https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020131 54. Su Y, Ashworth V, Kim C, Adeleye AS, Rolshausen P, Roper C et al. Delivery, uptake, fate, and transport of engineered nanoparticles in plants: a critical review and data analysis. Environ Sci Nano. 2019;6(8):2311-31.https://doi.org/10.1039/c9en00461k 55. Nel AE. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface. Nat Mater. 2009;8(7):543-57.https://doi.org/10.1038/NMAT2442 56. Alam MW, Junaid PM, Gulzar Y, Abebe B, Awad M, Qazi SA. Advancing agriculture with functional NM: “pathways to sustainable and smart farming technologies”. Discover Nano. 2024;19:1-32.https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-024-04144-z 57. Zhang T, Wang Q, Rui Y. The impact of nanomaterials on plant health: a review of exposure, toxicity, and control. Environ Sci Nano. 2025;12.https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EN00037H 58. Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W, Hamaly M, Alkawareek MY, Dreaden EC et al. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(14):4218-44.https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00636a 59. Griffiths G, Gruenberg J, Marsh M, Wohlwend J, Jones AT, Parton RG. Nanoparticle entry into cells;the cell biology weak link. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022;188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403 60. Paranjpe M, Müller-Goymann CC. Nanoparticle-mediated pulmonary drug delivery:a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Apr 7;15(4):5852-73.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15045852 61. Kettiger H, Schipanski A, Wick P, Huwyler J. Engineered nanomaterial uptake and tissue distribution: from cell to organism. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:3255-69.https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S49770 62. Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NK. Uptake of engineered gold nanoparticles into mammalian cells. Chem Rev.2014;114(2):1258-88. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300441a 63. Kumar M, Hilles AR, Almurisi SH, Bhatia A, Mahmood S. Micro and nano-carriers-based pulmonary drug delivery system: their current updates, challenges, and limitations:a review. JCIS Open. 2023;12:1-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jciso.2023.100095 64. Sabourian P, Yazdani G, Ashraf SS, Frounchi M,Mashayekhan S, Kiani S et al. Effect of physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles on intracellular uptake. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):1-20.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218019 65. Augustine R, Hasan A, Primavera R, Wilson RJ, Thakor AS, Kevadiya BD. Cellular uptake and retention of nanoparticles: Insights on particle properties and interaction with cellular components. Mater Today Commun. 2020;25:1-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101692 66. Yu Z, Meng X, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Recent progress in transdermal nanocarriers and their surface modifications. Molecules. 2021;26(11):1-14.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113093 67. Saweres-Arguelles C, Ramírez-Novillo I, Vergara-Barber M, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Lerma-García MJ, Simó-Alfonso EF.Skin absorption of inorganic nanoparticles and their toxicity: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022;182:128-40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.010 68. Hopkins LE, Patchin ES, Chiu P, Brandenberger C, Smiley-Jewell S, Pinkerton KE. Nose-to-brain transport of aerosolised quantum dots following acute exposure. Nanotoxicology. 2014;8(8):885-93.https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.842267 69. Bellmann S, Carlander D, Fasano A, Moncilovic D, Scimeca JA, Waldman WJ et al. Mammalian gastrointestinal tract parameters modulating the integrity, surface properties, and absorption of food-relevant nanomaterials.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2015;7(5):609-22.https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1333 70. Fröhlich E, Roblegg E. Models for oral uptake of nanoparticles in consumer products. Toxicology. 2012 Jan 27;291(1-3):10-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.004 71. Date AA, Hanes J, Ensign LM. Nanoparticles for oral delivery: design, evaluation and state-of-the-art.J Control Release. 2016;240:504-26.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.016 72. Forest V, Pourchez J, Flahaut E. Efficiency and safety of nanopesticides, it takes two to tango: an overview of the lack of data on possible effects on human health. Sci Total Environ. 2025;973:1-10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179156 73. Jogaiah S, Murali KP, Krishnan V, Nagaraja G, Muhammad M, Shashikant S et al. Phytotoxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles: an emerging nanotoxicology. Sci Total Environ. 2021;801.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149809 74. Zhao L, Huang Y, Hannah-Bick C, Fulton AN, Keller AA. Application of metabolomics to assess the impact of Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide on the nutritional value of lettuce (Lactuca sativa): enhanced Cu intake and reduced antioxidants. NanoImpact. 2016;3-4:58-66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2016.08.005 75. Hennig TB, Bandeira FO, Perrearia RC, Fraceto LF, Matias WG. A systematic review of the toxic effects of a nanopesticide on non-target organisms: estimation of protective concentrations using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach– The case of atrazine. Sci Total Environ. 2023 May 10;871:162094.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162094. 76. Zhang Y, Goss GG. Nanotechnology in agriculture: Comparison of the toxicity between conventional and nano-based agrochemicals on non-target aquatic species. J Hazardous Mater. 2022 Oct 5;439:129559.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129559 77. Wu F, Zhang S, Li H, Liu P, Su H, Zhang Y et al. Toxicokinetics explain differential freshwater ecotoxicity of nanoencapsulated imidacloprid compared to its conventional active ingredient.Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58(22):9548-58.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c00065 78. Castanha RF, Pereira AES, Villarreal GPU, Vallim JH, Petrini FS, Jonsson CM et al. Ecotoxicity studies of two atrazine nanoformulations: from the evaluation of stability in media to the effects on aquatic organisms. Environ Pollut. 2023;335:122235.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122235 79. Yan S, Li N, Guo Y, Ji C, Yin M, Shen J et al. Chronic exposure to the star polycation (SPc) nanocarrier in the larval stage adversely impairs life history traits in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01705-1 80. Dong M, Chen D, Che L, Gu N, Yin M, Du X et al.Biotoxicity evaluation of a cationic star polymer on a predatory ladybird and cooperative pest control by polymer-delivered pesticides and ladybird.ACS Appl Mater Interf. 2022;14(4):6083-92.https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c24077 81. Jiang Q, Peng M, Yin M, Shen J, Yan S. Nanocarrier-loaded imidaclothiz promotes plant uptake and decreases pesticide residue. Int J Mol Sci.2022;23(12):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126651 82. Limbach LK, Wick P, Manser P, Grass RN, Bruinink A, Stark WJ. Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ Sci Technol. 2007;41(11):4158-63.https://doi.org/10.1021/es062629t 83. Uddin MN, Desai F, Asmatgulu E. Engineered nanomaterials in the environment:bioaccumulation, biomagnification and biotransformation. Environ Chem Lett. 2020;18:1073-83.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00947-0 84. Maharramov AM, Hasanova UA, Suleymanova IA, Osmanova GE, Hajiyeva NE. The engineered nanoparticles in food chain: potential toxicity and effects. SN Appl Sci. 2019;1:1-25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1412-5 85. Madlala NC, Khanyile N, Masenya A. Examining the correlation between the inorganic nano-fertilizer physical properties and their impact on crop performance and nutrient uptake efficiency. Nanomaterials.2024;14(15):1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151263 86. Oliveira LSBL, Ristroph KD. Critical review: uptake and translocation of organic nanodelivery vehicles in plants. Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58(13):5646-69.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c09757 87. Radhika Rajasree SR, Ganesh Kumar V, Stanley Abraham L, Inbakandan D. Studies on the toxicological effects of engineered nanoparticles in environment: a review. Int J Appl Bioengineering.2010;4(2):44-53. 88. Ke M, Zhang K, Hicks AL, Wu F, You J. A life cycle risk assessment of nanopesticides in freshwater.Environ Sci Ecotechnol. 2025; 25: 100565.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2025.100565 89. Paz-Trejo C, Flores-Marquez AR, Gomez-Arroyo S. Nanotechnology in agriculture: a review of genotoxic studies of nanopesticides in animal cells.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(25):66473-85.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26848-y 90. Rajpal VR, Nongthongbam B, Bhatia M, Singh A, Raina SN, Minkina T et al. The nano-paradox: addressing nanotoxicity for sustainable agriculture, circular economy and SDGs. J Nanobiotechnol. 2025;23:1-35.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03371-5 91. Hooven LA, Chakrabarti P, Harper BJ, Sagili RR, Harper SL. Potential risk to pollinators from nanotechnologybased pesticides. Molecules. 2019;24(24):1-21.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244458 92. Nature Nanotechnology. The risks of nanomaterial risk assessment. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(3):163.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-06580-9 93. European Food Safety Authority. Guidance on risk assessment of Nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA J. 2021;19(8):1-111.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768 94. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD. Important issues on risk assessment of manufactured nanomaterials.OECD Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials and Other Advanced Materials, No. 103.Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2022. 95. Prajitha N, Athira SS, Mohanan PV. Bio-interactions and risks of engineered nanoparticles. Environ Res. 2019;172:98-108.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.003 96. Kah M, Hofmann T. Nanopesticide research: current trends and future priorities. Environ Int. 2014;63:224-35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.015 97. Yadav J, Jasrotia P, Kashyap PL, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar S, Singh M et al. Nanopesticides:current status and scope for their application in Agriculture. Plant Protect Sci. 2022;58(1):1-17.https://doi.org/10.17221/102/2020-PPS 98. Cardoso e Bufalo T, Buttrós VH, Paiva AB, Oliveira DD, Ribeiro CSF, Dória J. Nanopesticides in brazilian crops:classes, mechanisms, efficacy, risks, photocatalytic remediation. Plants (Basel). 2025;14(18):2880.https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182880 99. Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S et al. The dichotomy of nanotechnology as the cutting edge of agriculture: nano-farming as an asset versus nanotoxicity.Chemosphere. 2022;288(Pt 2):132533.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132533 100. Lv J, Christie P, Zhang S. Uptake, translocation, and transformation of metal-based nanoparticles in plants: recent advances and methodological challenges. Environ Sci Nano. 2019;6(1):41-59.https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en00645h